A formal request for contractors to submit proposals for a construction project.
Information provided to bidders about the procedures and requirements for submitting bids.
A document on which bidders provide their proposed price and other required information.
A guarantee that the bidder will enter into a contract if awarded the project.
The contract document that establishes the legal relationship between the owner and contractor.
Standard provisions that govern the rights and responsibilities of parties involved in the construction project.
Modifications or additions to the General Conditions specific to a particular project.
A guarantee that the contractor will complete the project according to the contract documents.
A guarantee that the contractor will pay subcontractors, laborers, and material suppliers.
A formal notification from the owner authorizing the contractor to begin work.
A formal process for contractors to request clarification about the contract documents.
A written document that modifies the original contract scope, time, or cost.
A written document issued before bids are received that modifies the bidding documents.
Predetermined amounts that the contractor must pay if the project is not completed on time.
A percentage of payment withheld until the project is completed satisfactorily.
The stage when the project is sufficiently complete for its intended use.
The stage when all work has been completed according to the contract documents.
A document issued by a local government agency certifying that a building is safe for occupancy.
A guarantee from the contractor regarding the quality of materials and workmanship.
A document in which a party waives their right to place a lien on the property.
The process of assembling resources at a job site to begin construction.
The process of removing resources from a job site after construction is complete.
Structures and services used during construction but not part of the final building.
A timeline of construction activities showing start dates, durations, and completion dates.
Documents provided by contractors to demonstrate compliance with specifications.
Regular gatherings of project stakeholders to discuss progress, issues, and coordination.
Procedures to ensure that construction meets specified requirements.
The final phase of construction when all work is completed and documented.
Procedures for handling, reducing, and disposing of waste generated during construction.
Specified amounts included in the contract for items that cannot be fully defined at the time of bidding.
Optional items or methods of construction that may be accepted or rejected by the owner.
Predetermined amounts for specific units of work that may be added or deducted from the contract.
Records of construction activities, including photographs, reports, and logs.
Laws, codes, and regulations that govern construction activities.
Published documents that establish criteria for products, materials, and workmanship.
Full-size models of building components used to verify selections and establish quality standards.
Temporary structures and services that support construction activities.
Temporary devices and equipment that facilitate construction activities.
Services that establish lines, grades, and reference points for construction.
Guarantees from contractors and manufacturers regarding the quality of materials and workmanship.
The process of removing existing structures or building elements.
The removal or containment of dangerous substances like asbestos or lead.
Evaluation of existing site conditions before construction begins.
Careful removal of specific building elements while preserving others.
Examination of soil and underground conditions at a construction site.
The removal or containment of asbestos-containing materials.
The removal or containment of lead-based paint and other lead-containing materials.
The removal or containment of polychlorinated biphenyls.
The removal or containment of mold and mildew.
The removal of tanks that have been used to store fuels or other substances below ground.
The complete removal of an existing structure.
The relocation of an entire building from one site to another.
The recovery of valuable or reusable materials from existing structures.
The systematic disassembly of a structure to maximize material recovery and recycling.
The identification and marking of existing underground utilities.
The extraction of soil samples for analysis of subsurface conditions.
A non-destructive method for detecting objects below the surface of the ground.
The recording of the state of a site or structure before construction begins.
The movement of dangerous materials from a construction site to a disposal facility.
The measurement of air, water, and soil quality during remediation activities.
Concrete that is poured and cured directly at the construction site.
Concrete elements manufactured off-site and transported to the construction site.
Steel bars or mesh embedded in concrete to increase its strength.
Temporary molds into which concrete is poured and allowed to harden.
The process of maintaining moisture and temperature conditions to allow concrete to develop strength.
Materials added to concrete to modify its properties, such as setting time or workability.
Granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone used in concrete mixes.
A binding material that hardens when mixed with water and other ingredients to form concrete.
A measure of the consistency and workability of fresh concrete.
A groove or formed joint that creates a weakened plane to control cracking in concrete.
A separation between adjacent sections of concrete to allow for movement due to temperature changes.
The process of treating the surface of freshly placed concrete to achieve a desired appearance or texture.
Products applied to concrete surfaces to protect them from moisture, stains, or chemicals.
The ability of concrete to resist forces, typically measured in pounds per square inch (psi).
The specification of ingredients and proportions for a concrete mixture.
The process of transferring liquid concrete through hoses to the placement location.
A method of reinforcing concrete by applying compression after the concrete has hardened.
A building technique where concrete elements are cast on-site and then tilted up into position.
Concrete conveyed through a hose and pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a surface.
A highly flowable concrete that can spread into place under its own weight without segregation.
A small rectangular block typically made of fired clay used in construction.
A hollow or solid block made of concrete used in construction.
A mixture of cement, sand, and water used to bond masonry units together.
A fluid form of concrete used to fill cavities in masonry construction.
A thin layer of masonry applied as a facing over another material.
The arrangement of masonry units in a wall, such as running bond or stack bond.
A continuous vertical section of masonry one unit in thickness.
A wall consisting of two wythes with an air space between them.
Steel bars or mesh embedded in mortar joints or grouted cells to strengthen masonry.
Devices used to connect masonry to structural elements or to other wythes of masonry.
Materials installed to prevent water penetration through masonry walls.
Small openings in masonry walls that allow water to drain from cavities.
A separation in masonry to allow for movement due to temperature changes.
A groove or formed joint that creates a weakened plane to control cracking in masonry.
The process of removing deteriorated mortar from joints and replacing it with new mortar.
Construction using natural stone units with mortar.
The process of removing dirt, stains, or efflorescence from masonry surfaces.
A product applied to masonry surfaces to protect them from moisture or stains.
A temporary structure that provides access for masons to construct walls.
A heating appliance constructed of masonry materials that stores and radiates heat.
Steel elements that form the building's load-bearing frame.
Custom-made metal items for specific construction applications.
Stairways constructed primarily of metal components.
Guardrails and handrails made of metal.
Corrugated metal sheets used as a base for concrete floor slabs.
Lightweight steel trusses used to support floors and roofs.
Structural frameworks composed of triangular units constructed with straight members.
Open grids of metal used for flooring, walkways, or ventilation.
Systems that accommodate building movement due to temperature changes.
Light gauge steel members used for non-load-bearing walls and ceilings.
The process of joining metal parts by heating and fusing them together.
Joints between metal components secured with bolts.
The process of applying a protective zinc coating to steel or iron.
A dry finishing process that applies a protective and decorative coating to metal.
An electrochemical process that increases the thickness of the natural oxide layer on aluminum.
Metal sheets or panels used as exterior wall coverings.
Roofing systems made of metal sheets or panels.
Decorative metal elements such as railings, grilles, and gates.
Ceiling systems made of metal panels or tiles.
Decorative enclosures for structural columns.
Structural wood framing and other wood elements not visible in the finished building.
Wood elements that are visible in the completed building.
Custom-made wood products for interior finishes.
Composite material consisting of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibers.
Custom-made plastic items for specific construction applications.
The construction of structural frameworks using dimensional lumber.
Manufactured wood products such as plywood, OSB, and LVL.
Processes that protect wood from decay, insects, or fire.
Decorative wood elements used to finish edges and transitions.
Wood sheets or boards used as wall coverings.
Flooring materials made from solid wood or engineered wood products.
A multi-layer synthetic product fused together with a lamination process.
Non-porous countertop material composed of acrylic, polyester, or blends.
Thin layers of plastic bonded to a substrate for countertops or other surfaces.
Material made from wood fibers and thermoplastic resin.
Ready-made wood products manufactured in a mill.
Fixed or built-in storage units with doors or drawers.
Horizontal work surfaces in kitchens, bathrooms, or other areas.
Plastic materials used for load-bearing applications.
Panels attached to framing to provide structural support and a nailing base.
Materials and systems that prevent water penetration into building elements.
Materials that reduce heat transfer through building elements.
Materials and systems that cover the top of a building to protect it from weather.
Material that prevents the diffusion of moisture through building elements.
Thin pieces of impervious material installed to prevent water penetration at joints.
Materials that prevent air leakage through the building envelope.
Materials applied to surfaces to resist the passage of water in the absence of hydrostatic pressure.
Flexible materials used to seal joints and gaps in construction.
Materials used to seal openings and joints in fire-rated assemblies.
Components such as vents, hatches, and equipment curbs installed on roofs.
Materials applied to the exterior walls of a building as a protective and decorative layer.
A non-load bearing exterior wall cladding system with insulation and a finish coat.
A wall system that provides a drainage plane behind the exterior cladding.
A roof covered with vegetation planted over a waterproofing membrane.
Roofing systems consisting of one layer of membrane material.
Roofing systems composed of multiple layers of bitumen and reinforcing fabrics.
Roofing systems using asphalt modified with polymers for increased flexibility.
Roofing systems made of metal sheets or panels.
Materials applied to roofs to extend their life or improve energy efficiency.
Components that collect and direct rainwater away from a building.
Movable barriers that allow access to and from a building or room.
Openings in walls or roofs that allow light and air to enter a building.
Windows installed in a roof to admit daylight.
Metal fittings used to operate and secure doors and windows.
Glass installed in windows, doors, and other openings.
The structural components that surround and support a door.
The structural components that surround and support a window.
Non-residential systems of doors and windows at the ground level of a building.
Non-load-bearing exterior wall cladding that is hung on the building structure.
Door assemblies that provide access to a building.
Classifications of doors based on operation, such as swinging, sliding, or revolving.
Classifications of windows based on operation, such as casement, double-hung, or awning.
A list of doors in a building with information about size, type, hardware, and location.
A list of windows in a building with information about size, type, and location.
Materials installed around doors and windows to prevent air and water infiltration.
Strips of material installed at the bottom of door openings.
Assemblies of horizontal slats that allow air to pass while excluding rain and light.
Classifications of glass based on properties such as strength, insulation, or safety.
Devices that automatically open and close doors.
Coverings for windows such as blinds, shades, and curtains.
Panels made of gypsum plaster sandwiched between paper layers, used for interior walls and ceilings.
A material applied in a plastic state to walls and ceilings to form a hard surface when dry.
Thin pieces of durable material such as ceramic, stone, or vinyl used to cover surfaces.
Materials used to create a walking surface.
The application of paint to surfaces for protection and decoration.
Ceiling systems designed to absorb sound and reduce noise.
Materials such as wallpaper or fabric applied to walls for decoration.
A composite material consisting of chips of marble, quartz, or other materials in a binder.
A textile floor covering consisting of an upper layer of pile attached to a backing.
Flooring materials such as vinyl, rubber, or linoleum that have some elasticity.
Flooring materials made from solid wood or engineered wood products.
Flooring materials made from natural stone such as marble, granite, or slate.
A plaster material used as a decorative and protective coating for walls and ceilings.
Ceiling systems hung below the structural ceiling.
Materials and systems designed to control sound within a space.
A durable flooring system made from epoxy resins.
Processes that create decorative or functional finishes on concrete surfaces.
The process of preparing gypsum board surfaces for painting or other finishes.
Decorative elements used to finish edges and transitions.
A material used to fill the joints between tiles.
Visual graphics that convey information within a building.
Dividers between toilet stalls in restrooms.
Enclosures for storing fire extinguishers.
Small lockable compartments for storing personal items.
Items such as soap dispensers, paper towel dispensers, and grab bars in restrooms.
Movable wall systems that divide spaces.
Materials installed to prevent damage to walls and doors.
Enclosures for toilets in restrooms.
Partitions that surround showers and tubs.
Partially enclosed workspaces in an office.
Displays that list occupants or departments in a building.
Surfaces for posting notices and information.
Enclosures with glass fronts for exhibiting items.
Poles for displaying flags.
Equipment for mail delivery and collection.
Structures designed for containing fires.
Elevated floor systems that create a void for the passage of mechanical and electrical services.
Systems and devices for preventing or eliminating pests.
Systems and devices for preventing birds from roosting on buildings.
Systems that regulate the amount of sunlight entering a building.
Appliances and fixtures used in professional food preparation areas.
Specialized tools and devices used in scientific research facilities.
Devices used in healthcare facilities for diagnosis and treatment.
Devices for presenting and recording sound and images.
Items used for sports and physical activities.
Appliances and fixtures used in commercial food service operations.
Appliances and fixtures used in residential settings.
Devices for collecting, compacting, and disposing of waste.
Devices used to facilitate the loading and unloading of vehicles.
Specialized items used in correctional facilities.
Specialized items used in libraries, such as book stacks and circulation desks.
Specialized items used in theaters, such as stages and seating.
Specialized items used in religious facilities.
Devices used to control access to parking facilities and collect fees.
Appliances and fixtures used for washing and drying clothes in commercial or institutional settings.
Machines that dispense products automatically when money is inserted.
Machines and devices used for physical exercise and training.
Specialized items used in photographic processing facilities.
Surfaces onto which images are projected for viewing.
Devices used to process materials for recycling.
Custom-made cabinets and storage units.
Coverings for windows such as blinds, shades, and curtains.
Movable objects that support human activities such as seating and storage.
Textile floor coverings that are not installed wall-to-wall.
Decorative objects displayed in a building.
Furniture designed for use in office environments.
Furniture designed for sitting, such as chairs, sofas, and benches.
Furniture with a flat top and one or more legs.
Modular furniture designed to divide space and provide work surfaces and storage.
Furniture designed for use in hotels, restaurants, and similar facilities.
Furniture designed for use in medical facilities.
Furniture designed for use in schools and other educational facilities.
Furniture designed for use in scientific research facilities.
Furniture designed for use in residential facilities for students.
The materials used to cover, pad, and fill furniture.
Fabric window coverings that hang in folds.
Window coverings with adjustable horizontal or vertical slats.
Window coverings that roll or fold up.
Cloth materials used for furnishings.
Containers for growing plants indoors.
Buildings designed and manufactured off-site and assembled on-site.
Water-filled structures designed for swimming and other water activities.
Controlled environments with low levels of pollutants such as dust and microbes.
Spaces designed to minimize sound transmission in or out.
Systems that shield occupants from harmful radiation.
Buildings that are supported by pressurized air.
Buildings that are supported by cables under tension.
Three-dimensional truss-like structures.
Hemispherical thin-shell structures based on a geodesic polyhedron.
Buildings that are supported by elements under tension rather than compression.
Structures manufactured off-site and transported to the building site for assembly.
Structures composed of multiple factory-built sections.
Spaces with regulated temperature, humidity, and other conditions.
Secure rooms for storing valuable items.
Structures designed for observing astronomical events.
Facilities for keeping and displaying aquatic animals and plants.
Facilities for housing dogs or other animals.
Enclosures for keeping birds.
Structures with transparent walls and roof for growing plants.
Small rooms designed to experience dry or wet heat sessions.
Vertical transportation devices that move people or goods between floors.
Moving staircases that transport people between floors.
Slow-moving conveyor mechanisms that transport people horizontally or on an incline.
Small freight elevators used to transport objects rather than people.
Equipment used to move goods within a building.
Systems that propel cylindrical containers through tubes using compressed air.
Devices that raise and lower people or objects over a short vertical distance.
Machines equipped with a hoist, wire ropes, and sheaves used to lift and lower materials.
Devices used for lifting or lowering loads by means of a drum or lift-wheel.
Mechanical systems for moving materials or objects.
Rotating platforms used to change the direction of vehicles or other objects.
Devices designed to transport people in wheelchairs up and down stairs or between levels.
Devices used to raise vehicles for maintenance or storage.
Devices that bridge the gap between a loading dock and a vehicle.
Inclined or vertical channels for conveying materials downward by gravity.
Transportation systems in which vehicles travel along a single rail.
Driverless transport systems used for material handling.
The enclosures that carry passengers or freight in an elevator system.
Systems that regulate the operation of elevators.
Barriers that open and close to allow access to elevator cabs.
Networks of pipes and sprinkler heads that discharge water when activated by heat.
Devices that increase water pressure for fire suppression systems.
Fire suppression systems that use gases or chemicals instead of water.
Pipes that provide water for firefighting operations within a building.
Portable devices used to control small fires.
Fittings through which fire departments can pump water into a building's fire suppression system.
Enclosures containing fire hoses and other firefighting equipment.
Devices that distribute water from a fire sprinkler system when activated by heat.
Fire suppression systems in which all sprinkler heads open simultaneously when activated.
Fire suppression systems that require two separate events to occur before water is discharged.
Fire suppression systems that use a mixture of water and foam concentrate.
Fire suppression systems that use very fine water droplets.
Fire suppression systems that use carbon dioxide gas.
Fire suppression systems that use environmentally acceptable alternatives to Halon.
Fire suppression systems that use powder-based agents.
Fire suppression systems that use a solution of water and potassium acetate, potassium carbonate, or potassium citrate.
Reservoirs that hold water for fire suppression systems.
Connections that provide access to a water supply for firefighting purposes.
Devices that control the flow of water in fire suppression systems.
Systems that detect and report the status of fire suppression systems.
Devices that use water and are connected to a plumbing system, such as sinks and toilets.
Systems that deliver potable water throughout a building.
Systems that remove wastewater from a building.
Systems that collect and remove rainwater from a building.
Materials that reduce heat transfer through plumbing pipes.
Tubes that convey fluids in plumbing systems.
Devices that regulate the flow of fluids in plumbing systems.
Devices that move fluids in plumbing systems.
Appliances that heat water for domestic use.
Devices that prevent water from flowing backward in a plumbing system.
Devices that reduce water pressure to a desired level.
Devices that remove minerals from hard water.
Devices that remove impurities from water.
Devices that trap grease from wastewater before it enters the sanitary sewer system.
Pumps that lift sewage to a higher elevation.
Pumps that remove water collected in sump pits.
A list of plumbing fixtures in a building with information about type, size, and location.
Vertical pipes that distribute water or remove waste in multi-story buildings.
Pipes that allow air to enter a drainage system to maintain proper pressure.
Devices that prevent sewer gases from entering a building through drain pipes.
Conduits used to deliver and remove air in HVAC systems.
Pipes that carry water, steam, or refrigerant in HVAC systems.
Equipment that conditions and circulates air as part of an HVAC system.
Devices that remove heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle.
Vessels in which water or other fluid is heated for use in heating systems.
Devices that move air in HVAC systems.
Devices that move water or other fluids in HVAC systems.
Systems that regulate the operation of HVAC equipment.
Devices that control heating and cooling systems to maintain a desired temperature.
Devices that distribute air from HVAC systems into a space.
Coverings for air openings in HVAC systems.
Grilles with dampers that control airflow.
Devices that regulate airflow in HVAC systems.
Devices that transfer heat between two or more fluids without mixing them.
Devices that reject heat from HVAC systems to the atmosphere.
Devices that vary the amount of air delivered to a space based on heating and cooling needs.
Materials that reduce heat transfer through HVAC components.
A substance used in a heat cycle that undergoes phase changes from a gas to a liquid and back.
Devices that remove particles from air in HVAC systems.
The process of adjusting HVAC systems to achieve proper air and water flow rates.
Computer-based control system installed in buildings to control and monitor mechanical and electrical equipment.
Devices that regulate airflow in HVAC systems.
Devices that regulate fluid flow in building systems.
Devices that detect and respond to physical stimuli such as temperature or pressure.
Devices that convert energy into motion to operate building systems.
Devices that receive input from sensors and send commands to actuators.
A computer-based system that monitors and controls a building's mechanical and electrical equipment.
A type of automated control system in which digital computers or microprocessors are used to control processes or machines.
A system that monitors, controls, and optimizes the energy consumption of a building.
A digital computer used for automation of industrial processes.
The user interface that connects an operator to a controller for an industrial system.
A system that uses computers, networked data communications, and graphical user interfaces for high-level process supervisory management.
A system of interconnected computers and devices that can communicate with each other.
A set of rules governing the exchange or transmission of data between devices.
A device that connects two different networks or systems and translates between their protocols.
The ability of different systems to work together and exchange information.
The process of bringing together different systems to function as a coordinated whole.
A series of programmed instructions that control the operation of building systems.
The recording and analysis of data over time to identify patterns and anomalies.
The process of notifying operators of abnormal conditions in building systems.
Conductors used to carry electricity throughout a building.
Enclosures containing circuit breakers or fuses that distribute electricity to branch circuits.
Devices that transfer electrical energy between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction.
Devices that produce artificial light in a building.
Equipment that provides electricity when the normal power supply is interrupted.
Equipment that controls, protects, and isolates electrical equipment.
Assemblies of motor starters and associated equipment.
Machines that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
A device that provides emergency power when the input power source fails.
Devices that switch a load between two power sources.
Automatically operated electrical switches designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current.
Electrical safety devices that operate to provide overcurrent protection of an electrical circuit.
The connection of electrical circuits or equipment to the earth.
Systems that protect buildings from damage due to lightning strikes.
Enclosed conduits that form a physical pathway for electrical wiring.
Enclosures housing electrical connections.
Points of connection for electrical devices.
Devices for making and breaking the connection in an electrical circuit.
The process of determining the electrical demand of a building or system.
A list of electrical equipment in a building with information about type, size, and location.
Infrastructure of cables and associated hardware that provides a comprehensive telecommunications system.
Systems that allow computers and other devices to exchange data.
Systems that allow people to speak to each other over distances.
Equipment that produces and manages sound and images for communication or entertainment.
Networks of antennas that provide wireless service within a building.
Spaces dedicated to housing telecommunications equipment.
Support systems for cables that run horizontally through a building.
Hardware units containing ports for connecting and managing cables.
Devices that connect devices on a computer network.
Devices that forward data packets between computer networks.
Devices that allow wireless devices to connect to a wired network.
A type of cable that uses glass or plastic fibers to transmit data as pulses of light.
A type of cable that uses copper conductors to transmit electrical signals.
A type of cable with a central conductor surrounded by insulation and a conductive shield.
Points of connection for telecommunications devices.
Electronic sound amplification and distribution systems used to allow a person to address a large public.
Two-way communication systems for use within a building or small collection of buildings.
Systems that add background noise to reduce the intelligibility of human speech and reduce distractions.
The connection of telecommunications equipment to the earth.
The process of verifying that telecommunications systems meet specified requirements.
Systems that detect fires and alert occupants.
Systems that restrict entry to authorized persons.
Systems that monitor and record activities in and around a building.
Systems that detect unauthorized entry into a building.
Systems that provide information to large groups of people in emergency situations.
Integrated systems that protect buildings and occupants from various threats.
Devices that read data from cards for access control purposes.
Devices that identify people based on physical characteristics such as fingerprints or facial features.
Devices that manage access to doors in a building.
Devices that capture video images for surveillance purposes.
Devices that record video from security cameras.
Devices that detect movement in a monitored area.
Devices that detect the sound or vibration of breaking glass.
Systems that allow people to signal for help in emergency situations.
Software that integrates and manages various security systems.
Systems that track and control visitor access to a building.
Devices that allow people to call for help in emergency situations.
Barriers that control vehicle access to a property.
Short posts that prevent vehicle access to pedestrian areas or buildings.
Lighting designed to deter crime and enhance security.
The process of removing earth to form a cavity in the ground.
The process of ensuring land has an even slope for proper drainage.
Measures taken to prevent soil from being moved by water or wind.
Methods used to improve soil properties for construction purposes.
The removal of water from soil or an excavation site.
The removal of trees, shrubs, and other vegetation from a site.
The process of refilling an excavation with soil or other material.
The process of increasing the density of soil by applying pressure.
The process of excavating material from one area and using it to create embankments or fill in another area.
The process of digging narrow excavations for utilities or foundations.
Temporary supports used to prevent soil or structures from collapsing during excavation.
The process of strengthening the foundation of an existing structure.
Permeable fabrics used with soil for separation, filtration, reinforcement, protection, or drainage.
The process of analyzing soil to determine its properties and suitability for construction.
The process of breaking and removing rock from a construction site.
The process of determining the volume of earth to be moved in a construction project.
An area where soil, gravel, or sand is excavated for use at another location.
A location where excess excavated material is deposited.
Measures taken to prevent erosion or collapse of sloped surfaces.
The categorization of soil based on its properties and characteristics.
The process of laying a hard surface such as asphalt or concrete on an area of ground.
Structures along the edge of a road that direct water flow and separate the road from other areas.
Structures that enclose an area or control access to it.
The process of making an area of land more attractive by altering the existing design and planting trees, shrubs, etc.
Objects placed in outdoor spaces for use by people, such as benches and trash receptacles.
Systems that supply water to plants in a controlled manner.
The process of putting plants in the ground.
Ground cover consisting of grass and the soil beneath it.
Structures designed to restrain soil to a slope that it would not naturally keep to.
Areas designated for parking vehicles.
Paths designed for pedestrian use.
Paths designed for bicycle use.
Areas designed for sports and recreational activities.
Structures designed for children to play on.
Systems that collect and remove water from a site.
Short posts used to prevent vehicle access to an area.
Visual graphics that convey information in outdoor spaces.
Fixtures that provide illumination for exterior spaces.
The non-living elements of landscaping, such as paving, walls, and structures.
The living elements of landscaping, such as plants, trees, and shrubs.
Systems that supply water to a site from an external source.
Systems that remove wastewater from a site to an external treatment facility.
Systems that collect and remove rainwater from a site.
Systems that supply electricity to a site from an external source.
Systems that provide telecommunications services to a site from external sources.
Systems that supply natural gas to a site from an external source.
Access points to underground utility systems.
Underground enclosures that house utility equipment.
Structures that support overhead utility lines.
Narrow excavations for installing underground utilities.
Devices that indicate the location of underground utilities.
Devices that measure the consumption of utilities such as water, gas, or electricity.
Devices that prevent water from flowing backward in a water supply system.
Receptacles designed to trap debris that might otherwise enter a storm drainage system.
Structures that allow water to flow under a road, railroad, or similar obstruction.
Connections that provide access to a water supply for firefighting purposes.
Devices that change the voltage of electricity in a power distribution system.
Legal rights to use another person's land for utility purposes.
The process of managing the installation and maintenance of multiple utilities in a shared space.
The process of identifying and marking the location of underground utilities.
Components of railway systems including rails, ties, and ballast.
Devices that communicate information to train operators.
Paved surfaces designed for vehicular traffic.
Devices that control vehicular traffic flow at intersections.
Surfaces designed for aircraft operations.
Facilities where trains stop to load and unload passengers and freight.
Facilities where buses stop to load and unload passengers.
Multi-level facilities designed for parking vehicles.
Devices that provide information to vehicle operators and pedestrians.
Lines, symbols, and words painted on roadways to provide information to vehicle operators.
Barriers installed along roadways to prevent vehicles from leaving the road.
Facilities where tolls are collected from vehicles using a road, bridge, or tunnel.
Structures designed to prevent vehicle access to certain areas or to separate traffic.
Structures designed to reduce the noise from traffic that reaches adjacent areas.
Intersections where railways and roadways meet at the same level.
Structures that span obstacles such as bodies of water, valleys, or roads.
Underground passages for transportation.
Areas designated for helicopter landings and takeoffs.
Surfaces on which aircraft take off and land.
Paths for aircraft to travel between runways and other areas of an airport.
The process of removing sediment from the bottom of bodies of water.
Constructions built in or over water, such as piers and docks.
Measures taken to prevent erosion of land along bodies of water.
Devices that assist in the navigation of vessels, such as buoys and beacons.
Structures that control water levels and allow vessels to pass between different water elevations.
Facilities for docking and servicing pleasure boats.
Structures built to protect a shore area, harbor, or basin from waves.
Structures built along shorelines to prevent erosion and damage from waves.
Structures extending into a body of water to influence water currents or tides.
Structures extending from a shore to prevent beach erosion.
Facing materials placed on embankments to prevent erosion.
Vertical walls designed to hold back earth and water.
Structures extending from shore into water, supported by piles.
Structures built along the shore where ships may dock to load and unload cargo or passengers.
Structures extending above the water surface, not connected to shore, used for mooring or guiding vessels.
Devices installed on marine structures to absorb the impact of vessels.
Devices to which vessels can be secured.
Inclined planes extending from shore into water for launching and retrieving boats.
Structures where vessels can be moored for loading, unloading, or storage.
Platforms that float on water, rising and falling with water levels, used for mooring vessels.